Index to Coral-Reefs

The names in italics are all names of places, and refer exclusively to the Appendix: in well-defined archipelagoes, or groups of islands, the name of each separate island is not given.

Abrolhos, Brazil, coated by corals 50 Abrolhos (Australia) 130 Absence of coral-reefs from certain coasts 51 Acaba, gulf of 147 Admiralty group 124 Africa, east coast, fringing-reef of 48 —— Madreporitic rock of 101 Africa, east coast 141 Age of individual corals 57, 64 Aiou 128 Aitutaki 114 Aldabra 139 Alert reef 123 Alexander, Grand Duke, island 115 Allan, Dr., on Holuthuriæ feeding on corals 21 —— on quick growth of corals at Madagascar 62 —— on reefs affected by currents 9 Alloufatou 119 Alphonse 139 Amargoura (Amargura) 119 Amboina 128 America, west coast 111 Amirantes 138 Anachorites 125 Anambas 133 Anamouka, description of 99 Anamouka 119 Anadaman islands 132 Antilles 153 Appoo reef 134 Arabia Felix 143 Areas, great extent of, interspersed with low islands —— of subsidence and of elevation 106 —— of subsidence appear to be elongated 106 —— of subsidence alternating with areas of elevation 108 Arru group 128 Arzobispo 127 Ascidia, depth at which found 67 Assomption 139 Astova 139 Atlantic islands 121 Atolls, breaches in their reefs 31, 81 —— dimensions of 25 —— dimensions of groups of 71 —— not based on craters or on banks of sediment, or of ck 69, 71, 72, 73, 108 —— of irregular forms 25, 84 —— steepness of their flanks 26 —— width of their reef and islets 25 —— their lowness 70 —— lagoons 29 —— general range 94 —— with part of their reef submerged, and theory of 29, 81 Augustine, St. 120 Aurora island, an upraised atoll 64, 71, 104 Aurora 112 Austral islands, recently elevated 99 Austral islands 114 Australia, N.W. coast 130 Australian barrier-reef 42, 93 Australian barrier 123

Babuyan group 134 Bahama banks 149, 150 Balahac 133 Bally 131 Baring 121 Barrier-reef of Australia 42, 93 —— of New Caledonia 44 Barrier-reefs, breaches through 77 —— not based on worn down margin of rock 43 —— on banks of sediment 43 —— on submarine craters 44 —— steepness of their flanks 39 —— their probable vertical thickness 43, 76 —— theory of their formation 76, 78 Bampton shoal 123 Banks islands 122 Banks in the West Indies 147 Bashee islands 134 Bass island 115 Batoa 119 Beaupré reef 123 Beechey, Captain, obligations of the author to 26 —— on submerged reefs 27 —— account of Matilda island 60 Belcher, Captain, on boring through coral-reef 59 Belize reef, off 151 Bellinghausen 113 Bermuda islands 153 Beveridge reef 118 Bligh 122 Bolabola, view of 12 Bombay shoal 136 Bonin Bay 131 Bonin group 127 Borings through coral-reefs 59 Borneo, W. coast, recently elevated 101 Borneo, E. coast 131 —— S.W. and W. coast 133 —— N. coast 133 —— western bank 136 Boscawen 119 Boston 121 Bouka 124 Bourbon 138 Bourou 128 Bouton 132 Brazil, fringing-reefs on coast of 48 Breaches through barrier-reefs 71 Brook 115 Bunker 115 Bunoa 133 Byron 121

Cagayanes 133 Candelaria 124 Cargados Carajos 138 Caroline archipelago 125 Caroline island 115 Carteret shoal 128 Caryophyllia, depth at which it lives 66 Cavilli 133 Cayman island 152 Celebes 129 Ceram 128 Ceylon, recently elevated 101 Ceylon 137 Chagos Great Bank, description and theory of 37, 85 Chagos group 86 Chagos group 137 Chama-shells embedded in coral-rock 68 Chamisso, on corals preferring the surf 52 Changes in the state of Keeling atoll 21 —— of atolls 74 Channels leading into the lagoons of atolls 30, 82 —— —— into the Maldiva atolls 33, 35 —— through barrier-reefs 77 Chase 120 China sea 135 Christmas atoll 60, 97 Christmas atoll 116 Christmas island (Indian Ocean) 137 Clarence 116 Clipperton rock 111 Cocos, or Keeling atoll 15 Cocos (or Keeling) 137 Cocos island (Pacific) 111 Cochin China, encroachments of the sea on the coast 95 Cochin China 183 Coetivi 139 Comoro group 139 Composition of coral-formations 88 Conglomerate coral-rock on Keeling atoll 20 —— on other atolls 28 —— coral-rock 88 Cook islands, recently elevated 98, 103 Cook islands 114 Coral-blocks bored by vermiform animals 21, 88 Coral-reefs, their distribution and absence from certain areas 50 —— destroyed by loose sediment 53 Coral-rock at Keeling atoll 20 —— Mauritius 47 —— organic remains of 88 Corals dead but upright in Keeling lagoon 22 —— depths at which they live 64 —— off Keeling atoll 17 —— killed by a short exposure 16 —— living in the lagoon of Keeling atoll 20 —— quick growth of, in Keeling lagoon 21 —— merely coating the bottom of the sea 50 —— standing exposed in the Low archipelago 96 Corallian sea 94 Corallian sea 123 Cornwallis 121 Cosmoledo 139 Couthouy, Mr., alleged proofs of recent elevation of the Low archipelago 96 —— on coral-rock at Mangaia and Aurora islands 64 —— on external ledges round coral-islands 80 —— remarks confirmatory of the author’s theory 96 Crescent-formed reefs 84 Cuba 150 Cuming, Mr., on the recent elevation of the Philippines 101

Dangerous, or Low archipelago 111 Danger islands 116 Depths at which reef-building corals live 63 —— at Mauritius, the Red Sea, and in the Maldiva archipelago 66 —— at which other corals and corallines can live 67 Dhalac group 144 Diego Garcia, slow growth of reef 56 Dimensions of the larger groups of atolls 71 Disseverment of the Maldiva atolls, and theory of 37, 82 Distribution of coral-reefs 50 Domingo, St. 152 Dory, Port, recently elevated 100 Dory, Port 127 Duff islands 122 Durour 125

Eap 126 arthquakes at Keeling atoll 23 —— in groups of atolls 75 —— in Navigator archipelago 100 ast Indian archipelago, recently elevated 100 Easter 111 Echequier 125 hrenberg, on the banks of the Red Sea 49, 143 —— on depths at which corals live in the Red Sea 66 —— on corals preferring the surf 53 —— on the antiquity of certain corals 57 Eimeo 112 levated reef of Mauritius 47 levations, recent proofs of 98 —— immense areas of 106 Elivi 126 lizabeth island 59 —— recently elevated 98, 104 Elizabeth island 112 Ellice group 120 ncircled islands, their height 41 —— geological composition 42, 44 ua, description of 99 Eoua 118 upted matter probably not associated with thick masses of coral-rock 89

Galapagos archipelago 111 Galega 139 Gambier islands, section of 43 Gambier islands 112 Gardner 116 Gaspar rico 121 Geological composition of coral-formations

Gilbert archipelago 120 Gilolo 129 Glorioso 139 Gloucester island 74 Glover reef 152 Gomez 111 Gouap 126 Goulou 126 Grampus 127 Gran Cocal 120 Great Chagos Bank, description and theory of 37, 85 Grey, Captain, on sandbars 46 Grouping of the different classes of reefs 93 Guedes 128

Hall, Captain B., on Loo Choo 101 Harvey islands, recently elevated 104 Height of encircled islands 41 Hermites 125 Hervey or Cook islands 114 Hogoleu 125 Holothuriæ (Holuthuriæ) feeding on coral 21 Houden island, height of 71 Honduras, reef off 151 Horn 119 Houtman Abrolhos 130 Huaheine; alleged proofs of its recent elevation 103 Huaheine 113 Humphrey 115 Hunter 119 Hurricanes, effects of, on coral-islands 74

Immaum 143 Independence 120 India, west coast, recently elevated 101 India 143 Irregular reefs in shallow seas 49 Islets of coral-rock, their formation 19 —— their destruction in the Maldiva atolls 36

Jamaica 152 Jarvis 115 Java, recently elevated 100 Java 131 Johnston island 116 Juan de Nova 139 Juan de Nova (Madagascar) 140

Kalatoa 131 Kamtschatka, proofs of its recent elevation 105 Karkalang 129 Keeling atoll, section of reef 15 Keeling, south atoll 137 —— north atoll 137 Keffing 128 Kemin 115, 116 Kennedy 123 Keppel 119 Kumi 135

Laccadive group 137 Ladrones, or Marianas, recently elevated 100 Ladrones archipelago 127 Lagoon of Keeling atoll 20 Lagoons bordered by inclined ledges and walls, and theory of their formation 32, 79 —— of small atolls filled up with sediment 32 Lagoon-channels within barrier-reefs 40 Lagoon-reefs, all submerged in some atolls, and rising to the surface in others 55 Lancaster reef 115 Latte 119 Lauglan islands 123 Ledges round certain lagoons 32, 79 Lette 129 Lighthouse reef 152 Lloyd, Mr., on corals refixing themselves 62 Loo Choo, recently elevated 101 Loo Choo 135 Louisiade 123 Low archipelago, alleged proofs of its recent elevation 96 Low archipelago 111 Lowness of coral-islands 70 Loyalty group 123 Lucepara 133 Lutké, Admiral, on fissures across coral-islands 75 Luzon, recently elevated 101 Luzon 134 Lyell, Mr., on channels into the lagoons of atolls 31 —— on the lowness of their leeward sides 82 —— on the antiquity of certain corals 58 —— on the apparent continuity of distinct coral-islands 89 —— on the recently elevated beds of the Red Sea 102 —— on the outline of the areas of subsidence 106

Macassar strait 131 Macclesfield bank 136 Madagascar, quick growth of corals at 62 —— madreporitic rock of 101 Madagascar 140 Madjiko-sima 135 Madura (Java) 131 Madura (India) 137 Mahlos Mahdoo, theory of formation 88 Malacca, recently elevated 100 Malacca 133 Malcolmson, Dr., on recent elevation of W. coast of India 100 —— on recent elevation of Camaran island 102 Malden 115 Maldiva atolls, and theory of their formation 33, 80, 82 —— steepness of their flanks 26 —— growth of coral at 62 Maldiva archipelago 137 Mangaia island 64 —— recently elevated 99, 104 Mangaia 114 Mangs 127 Marianas, recently elevated 100 Mariana archipelago 127 Mariere 126 Marquesas archipelago 113 Marshall archipelago 121 Marshall island 127 Martinique 153 Martires 126 Mary’s St. in Madagascar, harbour made in reefs 54 Mary island 116 Matia, or Aurora 112 Matilda atoll 60 Mauritius, fringing-reefs of 45 —— depths at which corals live there 64 —— recently elevated 101 Mauritius 138 Maurua, section of 43 Maurua 113 Menchikoff atoll 25,

Mendana archipelago 113 Mendana isles 122 Mexico, gulf of 149 Millepora complanata at Keeling atoll 16 Mindoro 134 Mohilla (Mohila) 139 Molucca islands, recently elevated 100 Mopeha 113 Moresby, Captain, on boring through coral-reefs 59 Morty 129 Mosquito coast 152 Musquillo atoll 84 Mysol 129

Namourrek group 84 Natunas 133 Navigator archipelago, elevation of 99 Navigator archipelago 117 Nederlandisch 120 Nelson, Lieutenant, on the consolidation of coral-rocks under water 59 —— theory of coral-formations 73 —— on the Bermuda islands 154 New Britain 124 New Caledonia, steepness of its reefs 39 —— —— barrier-reef of , 79, 83, 93 New Caledonia 123 New Guinea (E. end) 124 New Guinea (W. end) 127 New Hanover 124 New Hebrides, recently elevated 100 New Hebrides 121 New Ireland, recently elevated 100 New Ireland 124 New Nantucket 116 Nicobar islands 132 Niouha 119 Nulliporæ at Keeling atoll 18 —— on the reefs of atolls 28 —— on barrier-reefs 39 —— their wide distribution and abundance 68

Objections to the theory of subsidence 7 Ocean islands 117, 121 Ono 120 Onouafu (Onouafou) 119 Ormuz 143 Oscar group 120 Oscillations of level 103, 108 Ouallan, or Ualan (Oualan) 125 Ouluthy atoll 60 Outong Java 124

Palawan, S.W. coast 133 —— N.W. coast 134 —— western bank 136 Palmerston 114 Palmyra 116 Paracells 136 Paraquas 136 Patchow 135 Pelew islands 126 Pemba island, singular form of 102 Pemba 142 Penrhyn 115 Peregrino 115 Pernambuco, bar of sandstone at 47 Persian gulf, recently elevated 102 Persian gulf 143 Pescado 115 Pescadores 135 Peyster group 120 Philip 126 Philippine archipelago, recently elevated 101 Philippine archipelago 134 Phœnix 116 Piguiram 126 Pitcairn 112 Pitt’s bank 86 Pitt island 120 Platte 139 Pleasant 121 Porites, chief coral on margin of Keeling atoll 16 Postillions 131 Pouynipète 95 —— its probable subsidence 95 Pouynipète 125 Pratas shoal 135 Proby 119 Providence 139 Puerto Rico 152 Pulo Anna 126 Pumice floated to coral-islands 88 Pylstaart 118 Pyrard de Laval, astonishment at the atolls in the Indian Ocean 11

Quoy and Gaimard, depths at which corals live 66 —— description of reefs applicable only to fringing-reefs 98

Range of atolls 94 Rapa 115 Rearson 115 Red Sea, banks of rock coated by reefs 49 —— proofs of its recent elevation 102 —— supposed subsidence of 103 Red Sea 143 Reefs, irregular in shallow seas 49 —— rising to the surface in some lagoons and all submerged in others 55 —— their distribution 50 —— their absence from some coasts 51 Revilla-gigedo 111 Ring-formed reefs of the Maldiva atolls, and theory of , 80 Rodriguez 138 Rosario 127 Rose island 118 Rotches 120 Rotoumah 120 Roug 125 Rowley shoals 130 Rüppell, Dr., on the recent deposits of Red Sea 102

Sable, ile de 138 Sahia de Malha 137 St. Pierre 139 Sala 111 Salomon (Solomon) archipelago 123 Samoa, or Navigator archipelago, elevation of 99 Samoa archipelago 117 Sand-bars parallel to coasts 46 Sandal-wood 129 Sandwich archipelago, recently elevated 98 Sandwich archipelago 117 Sanserot 126 Santa-Cruz group 122 Savage island, recently elevated 59, 99, 104 Savage 118 Savu 129 Saya, or Sahia de Malha 137 Scarborough shoal 136 Scarus feeding on corals 21 Schouten 124 Scilly 113 Scoriæ floated to coral-islands 89 Scott’s reef 130 Sections of islands encircled by barrier-reefs 43, 176 —— of Bolabola 76 Sediment in Keeling lagoon 21 —— in other atolls 29, 35 —— injurious to corals 53 —— transported from coral-islands far seaward 89 Seniavine 125 Serangani 129 Seychelles 138 Ship-bottom quickly coated with coral 62 Smyth island 116 Society archipelago, stationary condition of 96 —— alleged proofs of recent elevation 103 Society archipelago 112 Socotra 143 Solor 130 Sooloo islands, recently elevated 101 Sooloo islands 133 Souvaroff 115 Spanish 126 Sponge, depths at which found 67 Starbuck (Slarbuck) 115 Stones transported in roots of trees 89 Storms, effects of, on coral-islands 74 Stutchbury, Mr., on the growth of an Agaricia 63 —— on upraised corals in Society archipelago 103 Subsidence of Keeling atoll 28 —— extreme slowness of 87, 108 —— areas of, apparently elongated 106 —— areas of immense 106 —— great amount of 108 Suez, gulf of 147 Sulphur islands 127 Sumatra, recently elevated 100 Sumatra 132 Sumbawa 130 Surf favourable to the growth of massive corals 52 Swallow shoal 136 Sydney island 116

Tahiti, alleged proofs of its recent elevation 103 Tahiti 112 Temperature of the sea at the Galapagos archipelago 51 Tenasserim 133 Tenimber island 128 Teturoa 113 Theories on coral-formations 69, 73 Theory of subsidence, and objections to 72, 86 Thickness, vertical, of barrier-reefs 43, 76 Thomas, St. 153 Tikopia 122 Timor, recently elevated 100 Timor 129 Timor-laut 128 Tokan-Bessees 131 Tongatabou 118 Tonquin 137 Toubai 113 Toufoa (Toofoa) 119 Toupoua 122 Traditions of change in coral-islands 73 Tridacnæ embedded in coral-rock 63 —— left exposed in the Low archipelago 96 Tubularia, quick growth of 63 Tumbelan 133 Turneffe reef 152 Turtle 119

Ualan 125

Vanikoro, section of 43 —— its state and changes in its reefs 95 Vanikoro 122 Vine reef 125 Virgin Gorda 153 Viti archipelago 119 Volcanic islands, with living corals on their shores 51 —— matter, probably not associated with thick masses of coral-rock 88 Volcanoes, authorities for their position on the map 90 —— their presence determined by the movements in progress 104 —— absent or extinct in the areas of subsidence 105

Waigiou 128 Wallis island 119 Washington 116 Wells’ reef 123 Wellstead, Lieutenant, account of a ship coated with corals 62 West Indies, banks of sediment fringed by reefs 49 —— recently elevated 102 West Indies 147 Whitsunday island, view of 12 —— changes in its state 74 Williams, Rev. J., on traditions of the natives regarding coral-islands 74 —— on antiquity of certain corals 64 Wolchonsky 111 Wostock 115

Xulla islands 128

York island 116 Yucutan, coast of 151

Zones of different kinds of corals outside the same reefs 55, 60